{"id":22220,"date":"2024-01-09T11:06:12","date_gmt":"2024-01-09T10:06:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/article\/avrupada-medya-yogunlasmasi-demokrasi-icin-buyuyen-bir-tehdit\/"},"modified":"2024-09-06T16:41:35","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T14:41:35","slug":"avrupada-medya-yogunlasmasi-demokrasiye-artan-bir-tehdit","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/article\/avrupada-medya-yogunlasmasi-demokrasiye-artan-bir-tehdit\/","title":{"rendered":"Avrupa’da medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, demokrasi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir tehdit"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, medya sahipli\u011finin giderek az say\u0131da yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesi olgusunu ifade eder. Son y\u0131llarda bu konu crucial<\/a> \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: mevcut e\u011filim, medya \u015firketlerinin markalar\u0131n\u0131 konsolide etmek amac\u0131yla birle\u015fmeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir, zira highlighted<\/a>  in the 2022 Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) report, produced by the Medya \u00c7o\u011fulculu\u011fu ve Medya \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Merkezi<\/a><\/a> taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan 2022 Medya \u00c7o\u011fulculu\u011fu Monit\u00f6r\u00fc (MPM) raporunda vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin ifade edilmesi ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ger\u00e7ek bir demokrasinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in elzemdir: farkl\u0131 seslerin dengelenmesi anlam\u0131na gelen \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fun garant\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcrler. Medya sahipleri ve hissedarlar\u0131, sahip olduklar\u0131 \u015firketlerin editoryal \u00e7izgisi \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli bir etkiye sahiptir: buna “kanaat g\u00fcc\u00fc” denir. Asl\u0131nda bu, medya \u015firketlerini sat\u0131n alanlar\u0131n elde etmeyi umduklar\u0131 ana yat\u0131r\u0131m getirisidir. Medya \u015firketleri en kazan\u00e7l\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar aras\u0131nda yer almaktan uzak olsalar da spek\u00fclat\u00f6rlerin ilgisini \u00e7ekmeye devam ediyorlar<\/p>.\n\n\n\n

Bu olgu art\u0131k ortak<\/a>. \u00d6rnekler aras\u0131nda Fox News ve The Sun’\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Avustralyal\u0131-Amerikal\u0131 Rupert Murdoch ve ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz Haziran ay\u0131nda \u00f6len ve \u0130talya’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zel TV kanallar\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olan i\u015fadam\u0131 ve politikac\u0131 Silvio Berlusconi<\/a> yer al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Fransa<\/a>‘da, Vincent Bollor\u00e9 fuels<\/a> much of the debate: Bollor\u00e9, 3 ulusal kanal\u0131 (C8, Cnews ve CStar) kapsayan Canal+ Grubu’nun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fcnl\u00fcler dergisi Voici<\/em> den Harvard Business Review<\/em> a ve (\u00e7ok) gen\u00e7 kitlelere y\u00f6nelik dergi, Mortelle Ad\u00e8le<\/em>‘e kadar 35 dergiyi yay\u0131nlayan Prisma m\u00e9dia’n\u0131n sahibidir. Bollor\u00e9 grubu ayr\u0131ca video platformu Dailymotion, yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k devi Hachette ve ana ak\u0131m radyo istasyonu Europe 1’in de sahibidir. Bollor\u00e9 birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r, sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 markalar\u0131 siyasi sa\u011fa itme stratejisi izliyor ve bu uygulamay\u0131 bir\u00e7ok kez<\/a> k\u0131nad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu e\u011filim di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde de g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: \u0130ngiltere’de 4. Rothermere Vikontu Jonathan Harmsworth ulusal bas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 40’\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmektedir<\/a>. Almanya<\/a>‘da Bretelsmann grubu kitaplar yay\u0131nl\u0131yor, televizyon ve radyo kanallar\u0131 yay\u0131nl\u0131yor ve filmler \u00fcretiyor. Son olarak, Macaristan’daki t\u00fcm 18 b\u00f6lgesel bas\u0131n<\/a> Andy Vajna, Heinrich Pecina veya L\u0151rinc M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros’a aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rakamlar endi\u015fe verici: Medya \u00c7o\u011fulculu\u011fu Monit\u00f6r\u00fc, 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcye \u00fclkelerinde medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131yla ilgili riskin ortalama y\u00fczde 82 oldu\u011funu tahmin etti. Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck risk ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor ve sadece 4’\u00fc orta risk alt\u0131nda.<\/p>

\n\n\n\n

Bu risk fakt\u00f6r\u00fc yasal de\u011fi\u015fkenlere -\u00fclkede medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen bir mevzuat olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu mevzuat\u0131n etkili olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir otorite taraf\u0131ndan uygulan\u0131p uygulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131- ve ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fkenlere -sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn mali durumunun medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na az ya da \u00e7ok elveri\u015fli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131- g\u00f6re hesaplanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>

\n\n\n\n

Haber medyas\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131: \u00fclke ba\u015f\u0131na risk haritas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"Haber
Image: Media Pluralism Monitor<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa birle\u015fme d\u00fczenlemeleri<\/a> tarih\u00e7i ve yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k tarihi uzman\u0131 Jean-Yves Mollier explains<\/a> to our colleagues at Alternatives Economiques<\/em><\/a>. Mollier’e g\u00f6re, Bollor\u00e9 ve Lagard\u00e8re gruplar\u0131 tam da kendilerini yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn mutlak efendileri olarak kabul ettirmek \u00fczereyken Br\u00fcksel taraf\u0131ndan art arda durduruldular<\/p>.\n\n\n\n

Ancak medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 sadece rekabet hukuku ile engellenemez: salt ekonomik kayg\u0131lardan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli demokratik meseleler s\u00f6z konusudur. Ger\u00e7ekten de, Avrupa’daki medya \u015firketlerini farkl\u0131 sahipler payla\u015fsa bile, s\u00f6z konusu sahiplerin hepsi ayn\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015ften veya ayn\u0131 siyasi kamptan geliyorsa, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu risk alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n etkisine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede bir ba\u015fka kald\u0131ra\u00e7 da \u015feffaf olma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, okuyuculara bir yay\u0131n\u0131n potansiyel \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n, t\u00fckettikleri – bazen \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 – bilgilere daha objektif bakmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fine inanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, fosil yak\u0131t \u015firketlerinin ekolojik taahh\u00fctleri hakk\u0131ndaki bir makale, okuyucu bunu yay\u0131nlayan medya kurulu\u015funun sahibinin ayn\u0131 zamanda birka\u00e7 petrol \u015firketinin ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilirse daha objektif bir \u015fekilde yorumlanacakt\u0131r<\/p>.\n\n\n\n

Avrupa birle\u015fme d\u00fczenlemeleri<\/a> tarih\u00e7i ve yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k tarihi uzman\u0131 Jean-Yves Mollier explains<\/a> to our colleagues at Alternatives Economiques<\/em><\/a>. Mollier’e g\u00f6re, Bollor\u00e9 ve Lagard\u00e8re gruplar\u0131 tam da kendilerini yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn mutlak efendileri olarak kabul ettirmek \u00fczereyken Br\u00fcksel taraf\u0131ndan art arda durduruldular<\/p>.\n\n\n\n

Ancak medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 sadece rekabet hukuku ile engellenemez: salt ekonomik kayg\u0131lardan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli demokratik meseleler s\u00f6z konusudur. Ger\u00e7ekten de, Avrupa’daki medya \u015firketlerini farkl\u0131 sahipler payla\u015fsa bile, s\u00f6z konusu sahiplerin hepsi ayn\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015ften veya ayn\u0131 siyasi kamptan geliyorsa, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu risk alt\u0131nda kal\u0131r.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n etkisine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede bir ba\u015fka kald\u0131ra\u00e7 da \u015feffaf olma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, okuyuculara bir yay\u0131n\u0131n potansiyel \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n, t\u00fckettikleri – bazen \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 – bilgilere daha objektif bakmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilece\u011fine inanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, fosil yak\u0131t \u015firketlerinin ekolojik taahh\u00fctleri hakk\u0131ndaki bir makale, okuyucu bunu yay\u0131nlayan medya kurulu\u015funun sahibinin ayn\u0131 zamanda birka\u00e7 petrol \u015firketinin ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilirse daha objektif bir \u015fekilde yorumlanacakt\u0131r<\/p>.\n\n\n\n

Bu ba\u011flamda, i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131<\/a> mevcut e\u011filime ters d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Asl\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr medyan\u0131n sahipleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ve \u00fcye okuyucular\u0131d\u0131r. Bireysel bir yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funluk hissedar\u0131 olamaz ve yay\u0131n politikas\u0131 Genel Kurul’dan tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kal\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece herhangi bir \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 riski \u00f6nlenmi\u015f olur. Son olarak, bu ger\u00e7ek anlamda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131k nedeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00fcyeler ve okuyucular aras\u0131nda karar alma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde daha fazla \u015feffafl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131sacas\u0131, Avrupa’daki medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 endi\u015fe kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu olgunun fikirlerin \u00e7o\u011fulculu\u011fu ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla demokrasinin durumu \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa medya ekosisteminde, \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin ifade edilmesini sa\u011flayacak kal\u0131c\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fimin acilen ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gerekmektedir. Kooperatif gibi alternatif hissedarl\u0131k modellerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve k\u0131ta \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir yasama \u00e7abas\u0131 bu de\u011fi\u015fimin arkas\u0131ndaki itici g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Avrupa’da medya yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l artmakta ve bas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda endi\u015felerin artmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu sorun k\u0131smen, n\u00fcfuz pe\u015finde ko\u015fan yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n kamuoyunun \u015fekillenmesine m\u00fcdahale etmesine olanak tan\u0131yan medya \u015firketlerinin finansman \u015feklinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19007,"parent":0,"template":"","tags":[],"displeu_category":[],"class_list":["post-22220","article","type-article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/22220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22220"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22220"},{"taxonomy":"displeu_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.displayeurope.eu\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/displeu_category?post=22220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}